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Chemical Engineering Design volume 6, 4th ed

 

 

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Oxygen-separation membranes could aid in CO2 reduction

Ceramic membranes may reduce carbon dioxide emissions from gas and coal-fired powerplants.

It may seem counterintuitive, but one way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere may be to produce pure carbon dioxide in powerplants that burn fossil fuels. In this way, greenhouse gases — once isolated within a plant — could be captured and stored in natural reservoirs, deep in the Earth’s crust.

Such “carbon-capture” technology may significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cheap and plentiful energy sources such as coal and natural gas, and help minimize fossil fuels’ contribution to climate change. But extracting carbon dioxide from the rest of a powerplant’s byproducts is now an expensive process requiring huge amounts of energy, special chemicals and extra hardware.

Now researchers at MIT are evaluating a system that efficiently eliminates nitrogen from the combustion process, delivering a pure stream of carbon dioxide after removing other combustion byproducts such as water and other gases. The centerpiece of the system is a ceramic membrane used to separate oxygen from air. Burning fuels in pure oxygen, as opposed to air — a process known as oxyfuel combustion — can yield a pure stream of carbon dioxide.

The researchers have built a small-scale reactor in their lab to test the membrane technology, and have begun establishing parameters for operating the membranes under the extreme conditions found inside a conventional powerplant. The group’s results will appear in the Journal of Membrane Sciences, and will be presented at the International Symposium on Combustion in August.

Ahmed Ghoniem, the Ronald C. Crane Professor of Engineering at MIT, says ceramic membrane technology may be an inexpensive, energy-saving solution for capturing carbon dioxide.

“What we’re working on is doing this separation in a very efficient way, and hopefully for the least price,” Ghoniem says. “The whole objective behind this technology is to continue to use cheap and available fossil fuels, produce electricity at low price and in a convenient way, but without emitting as much CO₂ as we have been.”

Ghoniem’s group is working with other colleagues at MIT, along with membrane manufacturers, to develop this technology and establish guidelines for scaling and implementing it in future powerplants. The research is in line with the group’s previous work, in which they demonstrated a new technology called pressurized oxyfuel combustion that they have shown improves conversion efficiency and reduces fuel consumption.

Streaming pure oxygen

The air we breathe is composed mainly of nitrogen (78 percent) and oxygen (21 percent). The typical process to separate oxygen from nitrogen involves a cryogenic unit that cools incoming air to a temperature sufficiently low to liquefy oxygen. While the freezing technique produces a pure stream of oxygen, the process is expensive and bulky, and consumes considerable energy, which may sap a plant’s power output.

Ghoniem says ceramic membranes that supply the oxygen needed for the combustion process may operate much more efficiently, using less energy to produce pure oxygen and ultimately capture carbon dioxide. He envisions the technology’s use both in new powerplants and as a retrofit to existing plants to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Ceramic membranes are selectively permeable materials through which only oxygen can flow. These membranes, made of metal oxides such as aluminum and titanium, can withstand extremely high temperatures — a big advantage when it comes to operating in the harsh environment of a powerplant. Ceramic membranes separate oxygen through a mechanism called ion transport, whereby oxygen ions flow across a membrane, drawn to the side of the membrane with less oxygen.

A two-in-one solution

Ghoniem and his colleagues built a small-scale reactor with ceramic membranes and studied the resulting oxygen flow. They observed that as air passes through a membrane, oxygen accumulates on the opposite side, ultimately slowing the air-separation process. To avert this buildup of oxygen, the group built a combustion system into their model reactor. They found that with this two-in-one system, oxygen passes through the membrane and mixes with the fuel stream on the other side, burning it and generating heat. The fuel burns the oxygen away, making room for more oxygen to flow through. Ghoniem says the system is a “win-win situation,” enabling oxygen separation from air while combustion takes place in the same space.

 

Members of the Ghoneim lab.

MIT researchers are investigating ceramic membranes as a way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in powerplants. In their system, the air (red dots) that’s needed for combustion passes over a ceramic membrane (red layer). Only oxygen passes through the membrane, mixing with fuel (black and green dots) to produce a pure stream of carbon dioxide and water. After evaporating water, carbon dioxide can then be captured and stored.

“It turns out to be a clever way of doing things,” Ghoniem says. “The system is more compact, because at the same place where we do separation, we also burn. So we’re integrating everything, and we’re reducing the complexity, the energy penalty, and the economic penalty of burning in pure oxygen and producing a carbon dioxide stream.”

The group is now gauging the system’s performance at various temperatures, pressures and fuel conditions using their laboratory setup. They have also designed a complex computational model to simulate how the system would work at a larger scale, in a powerplant. They’ve found that the flow of oxygen across the membrane depends on the membrane’s temperature: The higher its temperature on the combustion side of the system, the faster oxygen flows across the membrane, and the faster fuel burns. They also found that although the gas temperature may exceed what the material can tolerate, the gas flow acts to protect the membrane.

“We are learning enough about the system that if we want to scale it up and implement it in a powerplant, then it’s doable,” Ghoniem says. “These are obviously more complicated powerplants, requiring much higher-tech components, because they can much do more than what plants do now. We have to show that the [new] designs are durable, and then convince industry to take these ideas and use them.”

The lab work and the models developed in Ghoniem’s group will enable the design of larger combustion systems for megawatt plants. 

Madhava Syamlal, focus area leader for computational and basic sciences at the National Energy Technology Laboratory, says simulations such as Ghoniem’s will help push next-generation technologies such as oxygen-separating membranes into powerplants. “We have seen that in other areas, like aircraft, simulations really improve how the product is developed,” Syamlal says. “You can use simulations and even skip some of the intermediate testing and go directly to designing and building a machine. In the energy industry, these are the pieces we need to increase the scale quite rapidly.”

Ghoniem’s group includes research scientist Patrick Kirchen and graduate students James Hong and Anton Hunt, in collaboration with faculty at King Fahed University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) in Saudi Arabia. The research was funded by KFUPM and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology.

source: http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2012/next-generation-carbon-0521.html

CHEMCAD v6.3.1.4168

CHEMCAD Products and Features

The CHEMCAD suite consists of several modules that serve specific purposes. Depending on your particular needs, you may have purchased some or all of these modules. The following are brief descriptions of the various CHEMCAD modules and their most common uses.

CC-STEADY STATE
The main CHEMCAD product, known as CC-STEADY STATE, enables you to design new processes, rate existing processes, and optimize processes in steady state.

CC-DYNAMICS
The module known as CC-DYNAMICS makes it possible to design and rate existing processes using a dynamic simulation. This module is fully integrated with CHEMCAD to make switching between steady state and dynamics easy and intuitive. Using CC-DYNAMICS, you can easily simulate everything from simple vessel accumulation to complex control systems on columns. This module also provides tools for simulation of continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs), including complex reaction rate and pressure calculation.

CC-BATCH
The CC-BATCH product enables you to design, rate, or optimize a batch distillation column. CC-BATCH includes a scheduling interface to allow an “operation step” approach to simulation of batch columns.

CC-THERM
The CC-THERM product lets you design a single heat exchanger, or vet a vendor’s heat exchanger design. It is also ideal for customers who want to rate existing exchangers in new service, or to perform calculations on hypothetical situations. CC-THERM can simulate shell-and-tube, air-cooled, plate-and-frame, and double-pipe exchangers. Full integration with CHEMCAD makes it possible to calculate exit conditions from exchanger geometry for high-fidelity simulations.

CC-SAFETY NET
The CC-SAFETY NET product provides the capability to design or rate piping networks and safety relief devices and systems, in both steady-state and dynamic systems. The steady-state features of CC-SAFETY NET are included with CC-STEADY STATE. This product enables users to make simultaneous flow- and pressure-balanced simulations—even in reverse-flow situations—for single- or multi-phase flow.

CC-FLASH
The CC-FLASH module provides physical property and phase equilibrium data, as well as property prediction and regression. CC-FLASH is a subset of CC-STEADY STATE, and is meant for customers who do not need full flowsheet simulation tools.



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